• Section 1 - Executive Summaries of Phase II Reports
• Section 2 - On-Line Terminology Resources
• Section 3 - Terminology Management Systems and Evaluation Criteria
• Section 4 - Surveys on Terminology and Terminology Work
• Section 5 - The Pointer Training Model
• Section 6 - The Pointer Quality Matrix
• Section 7 - The Pointer Survey Questionnaire
• Section 8 - The Pointer Home Page and Term Bazaar
• Section 9 - The Reusability of General Language Dictionary Resources for Building Termbases
• Section 10 - Selected Topics in Terminology Research - Terminology Acquisition, Interchange and Terminology Knowledge Bases

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARIES OF PHASE II REPORTS

1. WP 2 : ANALYSIS - INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

1. General

See Final Report, Chapter 3.4.

1. Latin countries

Origin : Union Latine

Intergovernmental organisation grouping 32 Latin States, Union Latine has been in contact for more than ten years with institutions that work in the area of terminology, translation, lexicography and language industries, among other areas. Its works within the scope of POINTER project has been concentrated in non European Latin countries, especially in Eastern Europe (Romania, Moldavia) and in Latin-America, and for Europe, in international organisations and multinational enterprises. The languages concerned are thus French, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish, among official languages of the European Union, as well as Rumanian and Catalan.

The internationalisation of science and technology, and the emergence of new markets - in particular the new common markets emerging on the continent of America, NAFTA and MERCOSUR - represent a challenge which terminologists can only respond to in collecting terminology more efficiently and in harmonising existing resources.

On this subject, the European Union should not underestimate the important works being carried out beyond its borders, not only for strategic reasons (industries who make use of language processing gain larger market shares), but especially for reasons linked with the collection and harmonisation of terminology.

As far as Latin languages are concerned, work outside the European Union borders is quite considerable in organisations, associations, national or regional commissions (such as the French language office in Quebec, Canada's public works and governmental departments, the Swiss Federal Chancery, TermRom in Bucharest, the Chisinau TermRom, Uruterm in Uruguay, the Mercosur terminology commissions for three Latin-American countries, Colombian terminology Association, Cubaterm in Cuba, among others), in intergovernmental organisations (such as Union Latine) or networks, (Rint for French-speaking communities, REALITER for all Latin countries and Latin languages, RITerm for Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries), or within international institutions which partly deal with terminology (UNO, UNESCO, OIT, ITU, FAO, NATO, OPS, etc.).

These activities have been led around the European Union borders, very often in a similar way to those developed in Europe (RITerm-BD, REALITER, data-bank terminologies for Mercosur) and in mutual co-operation with institutions and researchers in European countries. But the actual mechanisms of institutionalized terminological co-operation between the European Union and the entities above-mentioned still have to be created.

The following would be highly recommended:

• to create a permanent co-operation procedure between the Rint, RITerm and REALITER networks, and the European Union, providing particularly a collaboration with the RITerm-BD project, to begin a collective action;
• to institutionalize the participation of international organisations in a distribution structure of European terminology resources.
• The first step of this could be to organize a meeting to draw up the best adapted procedure for all situations.

1. WP 3 : ANALYSIS - EUROPEAN LEVEL

1. T 3.1 : European R&D activities

Origin : University of Surrey

1. Terminology infrastructure and the information superhighway

This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of the emerging global information networks, e.g. the World Wide Web, the Internet and so on, for promoting terminology. This promotion involves: increasing the awareness of terminology work through these networks, exploring the availability of terminological resources, like glossaries and dictionaries created by specialist communities on these networks, evaluating the potential of the global information networks for disseminating terminology resources, and investigating the use of these networks for broadcasting distance-learning materials related to terminology training.

We have created 'electronic' pages of information about the POINTER project itself on the World-Wide Web, these pages not only provide information about the aims and objectives of the project but also provide access to the details about the participating organisations and to some of the reports that have been produced by the POINTER consortium members. We have found a profusion of terminology resources on the Internet: from glossaries and specialist dictionaries dealing with aerospace, medicine, software engineering, foods and drinks and leisure activities, to the EU's EURODICAUTOM term base that has recently been made accessible. We have created a software system that can provide access to a number of term bases for storing and retrieving terms: the Term Baazar system demonstrates how terminology can be treated as an electronic commodity and, potentially, can be traded using electronic 'cash'. Finally, we have created prototypical terminology learning resources, specifically chapters of a book dealing with terminology (and artificial intelligence) which were semi-automatically converted into a hypertext. This hypertext is now available on the Internet.

The present situation can be summarised by noting that there is a considerable amount of terminology-related activity on the emerging global communication network. Equally importantly, the terminology community can use a number of facilities for disseminating term bases, for providing access to terminology management systems, and for using the Internet as a vehicle for distance learning. The main problem is the lack of awareness in the terminology community of the opportunities that the global communication networks provide and, indeed, the community lacks skills and know-how that are essential for exploiting the networks. The solutions include greater awareness of the potential of these networks, through seminars and workshops and demonstrator projects. Problems which need to be resolved include copyright and data protection, and the organisation of 'electronic trade' across national frontiers.

1. A model for the training and accreditation of terminologists in the European Union

The POINTER consortium regards the training of terminologists and the promotion of the profession as an important aspect of terminology infrastructure in Europe. To this end, the POINTER consortium investigated a career development model for the training of terminologists such that the experience they gain at work can be accredited together with their academic qualifications. This accreditation takes into account the various aspects of terminology work, terminology acquisition, organisation, application, and terminology education and research. The syllabuses of eight European organisations involved in terminology training were studied and were related to the above mentioned aspects of terminology work. These considerations have resulted in a matrix model for terminology training that specifies the entry requirements to the profession in terms of both formal and experiential training and suggests how a terminologist progresses from a novice terminologist to an expert terminologist and on to senior management positions.

The current situation in terminology training is as follows: (1) there are a large number of terminology courses (often as an annex to translation or other types of courses) together with some in-house training (especially large corporations); (2) many different types of organisations undertake terminology activities; (3) there is a degree of consistency of approach across different countries; (4) we find that there is informal accreditation across corporations (in same sectors, across sectors in large corporations) and accreditation by professional bodies in some European countries and UN/large organisations; and (5) there are a number of EU-funded initiatives which are currently funding terminology training problems directly or indirectly; for instance, the LEONARDO, ERASMUS, DELTA and COPERNICUS programmes fund technology transfer and teaching and learning projects that envisage training in terminology and the use of terminology.

Amongst the principal problems identified were: (a) a need for coherence in training: variation across institutions as well as nationally; (b) the absence of a career development path for terminologists; and (c) a neglect of mobility - movement is neither cross-sectoral nor multilingual or transnational.

The solutions we suggest fall into the following categories:

• Model for training accreditation, taking into account career development and ensuring mobility;
• Use of distance learning;
• Definition of levels of professional development;
• Definition of core tasks in terminology training;
• Training of trainers.

1. Specialist terms in general language dictionaries

The European Commission is concerned to optimise the use of linguistic resources. Since up to 40% of entries in some general-language (LGP) dictionaries may be concerned with specialised vocabulary - or terminology - LGP dictionaries, which are widely available, may also be regarded as a terminology resource. Terms included in such dictionaries tend to be those which are used and encountered by both experts and laypeople.

The Research Network Group within the POINTER project investigated the problems and opportunities related to the use of existing LGP dictionaries, particularly bilingual dictionaries and monolingual learners' and advanced dictionaries, subject-specific handbooks and other relevant encyclopaedic material; the focus of our deliberations was on English, German and Dutch. The conclusions of this report, however, are equally relevant to other languages.

The use of the above-mentioned lexicons and knowledge sources poses two problems: what is the form of the entry, and how amenable is this to re-use for other purposes? Analysis of various dictionary entries demonstrates that the extraction of terminological data from currently-available LGP dictionaries (both monolingual and bilingual) is problematic from a number of different points of view, including the inconsistent and imprecise use of subject-field labels, the absence of adequate pragmatic information, and varying definitional practices. Terms are also often deeply nested in entries, even as sub-senses of polysemous headwords. The unsatisfactory use of subject-field labels is of particular importance for the automatic extraction of data.

Solutions are likely to be medium-term rather than short-term, involving the more widespread use of standards for the representation of lexicons and the consistent use of established classification systems. Solutions related to lexical standards are of substantial relevance in the medium term. Of particular interest are the interchange standards that encourage exchange of lexical and terminological resources, such as TIF and other emerging standards produced by ISO, as well as standards that encourage exchange across applications, particularly machine-translation systems and document management systems. It is essential that the research carried out in these areas, for example, the R&D efforts sponsored by the EU as manifested in MULTILEX, GENELEX, MULTEXT, and TRANSTERM is properly archived and articulated in a manner that is comprehensible to terminology and lexical resource developers.

The R&D Network concluded with the following recommendations:

• Support dissemination of terminology research at a European level through, e.g., electronic journals, conferences, etc.;
• Promote the recognition of terminology as a subject of research equal to that of other areas in language engineering, e.g., corpora, lexicons, syntax;
• Encourage national governments to incorporate terminological research into scientific, technological and humanities research programmes;
• Encourage the use of new technologies for communicating terminology resources speedily, efficiently and in a user-friendly manner through the use of the information superhighway and knowledge-based techniques;
• Disseminate EU R&D outputs to dictionary producers in a form which is comprehensible and usable.
  

1. T 3.2 : European institutions

See Final Report, Chapter 3.3.

1. T 3.3 : Analysis of selected subject fields in all European languages and countries

Origin : CL Servicios Lingüísticos

There are many different types of multilingual resources currently available on the market, such as dictionaries, glossaries, lexica, etc., and everyone agrees that their quality varies enormously. However, no system or procedure for their evaluation has ever really been defined and adopted by actors in the market.

Defined by CL within the framework of task T.3.3., the following evaluation methodology and system have clearly confirmed the great heterogeneity of quality between existing terminological resources. They also point to quality differences, which were already thought to exist, between monolingual, bilingual and multilingual resources. Furthermore, a case study carried out in certain domains possessing a large number of terminological resources served to confirm the results obtained on a general level.

Finally, an in-depth analysis, explaining the different criteria established for this evaluation, enables the reasons for the disparity in quality of terminological resources to be identified.

1. T 3.4 : Analysis of TMSs (Terminology Management Systems) in Europe

Origin : University of Surrey

Substantial activity can be noted in the field of terminology management systems (TMSs): as many as 60 such systems are reported in the literature. Despite the fact that many of these systems are university/laboratory prototypes and have yet to be marketed, there are still a number of good European products on the market which can already make a considerable contribution to the efficient management of terminology within and across institutions and linguistic boundaries.

During the investigation, a set of criteria was established including technical, conceptual, linguistic and commercial factors: these criteria are crucial to the management of terminology. They can also be used as an evaluation metric to assess the price/performance of a TMS system and to help terminology users to determine the relevance of a TMS system to their own organisation. Based on this set of criteria, a representative selection of TMSs was analysed. The results indicate that current TMSs, while operative, can be substantially improved.

The POINTER study has identified a number of problems. First, terminology exchange across organisations and across languages. Second, problems related to validation and verification. Third, problems related to the user-interface, especially that of localisation and customisation. Fourth, problems in extracting terminology from text corpora. Fifth, the need for using better computing techniques for storing and retrieving terms, including multimodal methods and techniques.

Amongst the solutions identified by the study, the most important is that there is an urgent need to define, adopt and refine existing standards for dealing with different writing systems, for marking-up terminology data using SGML, and for encoding linguistic data. It is important for the TMS developer to interact with other sectors of language engineering, particularly machine translation and information retrieval and for the other sectors to systematically use terminology. The facilities for using terminology databases across hardware platforms, across linguistic and geographical boundaries will lead to the creation of a terminology market place: the developments in local and global computing networks will lead to and support this development. The TMS-based solutions for validating and verifying terminology depend upon the development of protocols for these tasks. However, in the meantime it is important to use or develop tools. for checking for duplications, tools for facilitating access for experts to term bases. and so on.

The POINTER consortium recommends the following: First, there is an urgent need to establish and disseminate criteria for evaluating TMSs. Second, it is vital to develop and promote an awareness of standards - especially those promulgated by international bodies - for terminology exchange and for TMS developers to build tools for facilitating the use of these standards. Third, TMS developers should keep abreast of developments in related subjects such as language engineering and computing science, as well as in terminology research. These recommendations can be pursued by an ELRA-associated body or through projects supported by the EU.

1. WP 4 : ANALYSIS - NATIONAL AND REGIONAL LEVELS

1. Belgium

Origin : BJL Consult

The survey, which benefited from the results of three other surveys carried out recently during which the terminology resources and requirements of Belgium were pinpointed and analysed in detail, lead to the following conclusions:

• In Belgium, terminology is mainly a secondary activity carried out as part of translation, technical and scientific communication, standardization and documentation.
• As a multilingual country, Belgium has produced a large number of French/Dutch multilingual lexicons and thesauri of a very high standard, prepared by professional associations, the translations departments of Ministries and semi-public and corporate entities. Some of these documents are very substantial as regards volume (several thousand terms), contain the vocabulary used in well-defined fields and are drawn up by teams combining both translators and experts in the field, rendering them extremely reliable as regards equivalence of terms. We consider some of these lexicons, which are regularly updated, to be an important resource at European level. They can be reused, in particular in order to add Dutch to existing collections.
• There are also three- and four-language thesauri and word lists (FR/EN/NE and FR/EN/NE/DE) and corpora which constitute real compilations of terminology which offer a potential for reuse.

Two projects are particularly worth considering:

1. Belgoterm. This terminological database, which both provides translations and can be used as an encyclopaedia, was compiled in accordance with the most stringent terminological standards.
2. A dictionary of Greek and Latin generators elaborated at the CTB could be used to create neologisms in the different European languages.

The following recommendations may be made:

• The professional associations and certain companies need to be persuaded to enrich and update their collections and to make them available to external users.
• The multilingual thesauri and corpora which are specific to Belgium should be reused as source material for terminographical processing.
• The possibilities of using the Belgoterm database at European level and the possible formula for keeping this database up to date should be examined.
• The publishers of specialised works should be persuaded to improve the terminological quality of their indexes to enable the automatic generation of contextual terminological files.

1. Denmark

Origin : DTG

Within the frames of the EU, Danish is a minority language spoken by 5,000,000 people. Concurrently with the increasing internationalisation, a growing interest in and demand for qualified terminology work has emerged in Denmark. In Denmark there is at present no superordinate terminology organ. The terminology work is coordinated by the Danish Terminology Group.

As a consequence of this, problems exist, not only nationally, where coordination and measures for quality ensurement are impeded, but also internationally, since there exists no single institution in Denmark which may serve as a point of reference for foreign institutions, companies and organs. One of the latest implications of this fact is that the EU in lack of one coordinating terminology centre in Denmark has begun to allocate appointments with a terminological scope to different institutions instead. This development hardly heightens the general and common level of terminology work in Denmark.

An increase of the quality of terminology work in Denmark is related to the following four factors as pointed out by The Danish Board of Technology under the Ministry of Education and Research in Denmark:

• The establishment of a network of Danish term banks. In order to ensure a qualitative increase of the level of performed terminology work and to avoid redundant effort, a network with the purpose of interchange of terminological data should be established. Concurrently, an administrative unit is formed with a mandate to coordinate work and supply advice to companies in the launching of terminology projects.
• The launching of linguistic technology projects. A public funding of the purchase and testing of linguistic technology tools should be carried out in a range of different institutions and companies. Through a systematic evaluation of the tools, the experience and quality estimation of the end-users are reported to the system developers.
• A common standard for storage and interchange of lexical terminology data. At the present time, work on the establishment of a common standard for storage and interchange of lexical data is carried out. Meanwhile, it is largely impossible to reuse data from one linguistic tool in another. Through the establishment of a common standard, much redundance in the work with lexical data may be avoided.
• A Danish monolingual machine readable dictionary. The creation of an electronic monolingual dictionary in Danish, covering fields which are relevant to all developers and researchers in the terminological area is needed. Financially, the work should be funded partly by the companies and institutions which provide and use the data, partly via public funding.

1. France

Origin : CTN

The survey of terminological activities in France is essentially an analytical update of previous enquiries. Indeed, all the French POINTER partners had already carried out surveys of their own, and the present study owes much to this essential groundwork. It should be stressed that translation issues are more fully covered here than other aspects of language industries, notably terminology in knowledge management.

Certain hopeful signs are apparent in France in 1995: more competent, computer-literate graduates in terminology are coming onto the labour market and creating an awareness in many firms of what terminology can contribute; TMSs are better known and often used to great satisfaction; some firms are now self-sufficient in terminology; official efforts at coordinating terminology initiatives have created dynamic associations and a favourable climate to forming a European network.

Most of what was holding terminology back in the recent past, however, still has the same negative effect. The situation is even worse than before in some businesses, as the recession has caused cutbacks which have hit terminology. The number of languages adequately treated is limited to the "golden four" (French, English, with German and Spanish less well catered for), and the domains covered are those of international interest (aerospace, telecommunications, transport). Published specialised dictionaries concentrate on the same languages, and users complain that they are out of date by the time they appear. Information is hard to come by or sift through on dictionaries, TMSs, training and legal issues. Inside companies, terminology is hampered by a negative image, managers quickly calculating how much it costs, but unable or unwilling to take account of the savings that terminology makes. Smaller firms and isolated translators are still largely cut off from terminology services. Uncertainty about copyright laws and questions of confidentiality hinder exchanges and limit enthusiasm for a network.

The time is ripe to found a European terminology body that complements existing structures and directly reflects the preoccupations of those in industrial terminology. The possibilities opened up by electronic networks (Internet, WWW) should be fully exploited to bridge terminology's information gap. It would be a pity not to capitalise on the goodwill generated by the present survey or disappoint the hopes that it has inspired.

1. Germany

Origin : DIT

There is a general lack of high-quality, up-to-date terminological resources and literature in Germany and, even more importantly, of information and distribution channels for finding out what is already available. This applies in particular to lesser-used languages such as Greek, Italian and the Eastern European languages (in such cases, English is often used as a ´relay language´). However, the same problem also affects innovative and even mainstream areas in major languages such as Spanish and French, and even English. Standards are not always used, or even known about.

The strategic and practical value of terminology is almost always insufficiently recognised, particularly at management level. Many terminological activities have been cut back or frozen in the drive to concentrate on ´core business´. In many cases, short-termist (as opposed to planned) outsourcing is leading to the fragmentation and loss of central terminological resources. This is particularly - but not exclusively - true in the East, where many companies have been wound up and funding of tertiary education has been reduced. Some well functioning corporate termbases and corporate language concepts were found, but these represent a minority of interviewees.

Knowledge of the methodology and procedures behind systematic terminology work is generally limited, even in large enterprises. While translators may be sensitised to general language issues, they often have no formal training unless recently qualified. The same applies to technical writers. Domain experts (e.g. in standardisation bodies) and other groups are almost always totally untrained. Vocational training is therefore seen as a key issue.

The quality (both process- and contents-oriented) of terminological resources varies widely. In addition, among those organisations actively practising some form of quality control, no common validation standards/procedures exist.

There is a widespread readiness among all groups to join an efficient terminology network. Given the limited readiness available to terminologists, any such network and provision of resources must not involve providers in significant effort. However, many existing resources were created without any thought of reuse and would therefore require some degree of reworking. The quality assurance and validation of the terminology provided in such a network are seen as key issues for success.

1. Italy

Origin : AssITerm

The terminological milieu in Italy.

• A short history of the more relevant events on terminology in Italy since 1988:
  • Distribution of the Latin Union terminological bulletin "Terminometro" during the years 1988-90. First contacts with the terminological operators in Italy. Quality of awareness towards terminology.
  • National meetings on terminology in 1991. Decision of establishing an association collecting the human resources concerned with the terminological matter.
  • Foundation of the Italian Association for Terminology (AssITerm) and the "CIRT" Project (Italian Reference Centre for Terminology).
  • First national surveys on terminology: 1991, 1994.
  • Events organized by AssITerm in 1992, '93, '94 and the last national survey in 1995.

Terminological activity in Italy

• Production and implementation
  • Documentation: CNR/IRSDS, Laboratorio Thesauri, Ministry for Cultural Goods-Institute for Classification and Documentation, Ministry for Agriculture, ENEA, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, SNAM Progetti.
  • Teaching and training: Faculties of Italian Universities, Advanced Schools for Translators and Interpreters, AssITerm-ENEA workshop.
  • Lexicography: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, Accademia della Crusca, CNR-Lessico Intellettuale Europeo.
  • Publishing: Publishing houses of general dictionnaries; Publishing houses of specialized dictionnaries.
• Research and Development
  • Language engineering: Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale di Pisa, Consorzio Thamus.
  • Informatics and telematics engineering: CNR- Istituto per la Applicazioni della Matematica e dell'Informatica, Fondazione Ugo Bordoni, Telecom Italia.
  • Subject field research: CNR/Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche (medicine and environment), FUB.
• Standardisation
• An overview of the Italian activities in the field of terminological standardization.

Needs, Constraints, Potentiality

• Needs
  • The terminological needs of translators, interpreters, technical writers and documentalists.
  • The terminological needs of SMEs and industry in general.
• Constraints
  • Training: no recognition of terminological curricula.
  • Language policy/Language planning.
  • Overlapping of competences in the national language institutions: no coordination on terminology.
  • Weak use of information technology and telematic networks.
• Potentiality
  • Assiterm members: human network of persons/institutions willing to accelerate terminological awareness (through events, acts, dissemination of terminological information, contacts with foreign institutions).
  • The CIRT Project: from the idea to the pilot-project c/o FUB, to the accomplishment of the CIRT enterprise in 1996.
  • Internet-ting needs: how producers, brokers, researchers and final users of terminology could take advantage of telematic communication (information, marketing, distribution).

1. Netherlands

Origin : TopTerm

In the Netherlands, there is a plethora of terminographical and lexicographical sources (dictionaries, vocabularies, classification systems, etc.) in a great number of fields. The Dutch Language Union as a national organisation concerned with the Dutch language has a real appreciation for the importance of terminology. Also, in the Netherlands there are a few organisations that as part of their mission are concerned with the collection, implementation, validation, etc. of terminological data. These organisations have a great impact in their respective subject fields both on a national and international level.

Although the importance of terminology is being increasingly recognized, there is still a lack of knowledge in the vast field of terminology work with regard to terminology theory, working methods, principles, standards, validation procedures, etc.. In addition, there is some resistance of translators to switch to computerized procedures because for them it involves money, time, training, etc.

From these weaknesses, it follows that there are great opportunities in the area of education, such as for special courses in computerized terminology work, the dissemination of terminological information and for networking.

The biggest threat is the lack of knowledge and appreciation of the role of terminology by top management (i.e. those who control the budget for the execution of terminological projects). This can lead to no or inadequate funding and other obstacles such as overprotection of terminological data.

Terminological activities in the Netherlands are extremely fragmented. Thus, at the national level as well as in the European context existing centres dealing with specialized terminology should be supported and created where none exist. Such a multiplicity of terminological centres to be useful for the more general public will require strong cooperation by exchange of information, networking, and so on. Also, at a national level, a top centre of information is required. On the other hand, the strengthening of Eurodicautom should also be carried out as financial resources permit.

1. Nordic region

Origin : TNC

1. Nordic countries

The Nordic region consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden; the languages within the area are Danish, Faeroses, Finnish, Greenlandic, Icelandic, Norwegian, Sami and Swedish. Some of the languages are closely related, while others are unrelated.

The different terminology institutions in the Nordic countries have ever since their foundation had some kind of cooperation, sometimes bilateral, sometimes multilateral. In 1976 Nordterm was founded and the cooperation has since then been more active.

The purpose of Nordterm is to be a Nordic forum and network in the field of terminology. Nordterm shall:

• promote and assure Nordic cooperation in this field through the exchange of information, experience and results, through joint projects and through conferences, seminars etc.
• assure the influence and participation of the Nordic countries in the field of terminological development at international level through mutually agreed directives

The field of activity of Nordterm includes terminological research, practical terminology work, terminological education, and other activities that concern terminology.

The nucleus of Nordterm is composed of the terminology institutions in the Nordic countries but a large number of other organizations and individuals also take part in Nordterm activities.

The executive body of Nordterm is the Nordterm Steering Committee. Terminological activites are carried out by Working Groups and Project Groups, currently amounting to five.

1. Finland

Finland's terminological landscape has the following important features:

• existence of the Finnish Centre for Technical Terminology, TSK, established in 1974
• well-functioning international contacts with ISO, the European Commission and TSK's sister organisations in the other Nordic countries
• existence of terminological know-how (although not widely spread) giving opportunities of producing high-quality terminology
• traditions of active terminology work in many subject fields
• awareness of the need for terminological tools in many organizations
• some terminology training at academic level.

1. Iceland

Iceland's terminological landscape has the following important features:

• general awareness of the need for terms of vernacular origin to talk and write about most subjects in good Icelandic.
• existence of terminology committees in many fields.
• a well-established tradition of terminology work within technical and scientific fields.
• terminology is not separated from general language planning and the Icelandic Language Institute has a double role as a centre for general language planning and as a terminology centre.
• participation in Nordic cooperation in terminology.
• existence of an independent fund to partly finance terminology projects.
• lack of terminology training at academic level.

1. Norway

The terminological landscape in Norway has the following important features:

• the Norwegian Council for Technical Terminology (RTT) exists as a central terminology institution with government support
• cooperation between institutions active in terminology work in Norway has not been good enough, but is improving
• Norway plays an active role in Nordic and international terminology work, the Nordic cooperation being of particular importance
• general awareness and knowledge of terminology-related issues is good
• there is an increasing interest in translation-oriented terminology work
• there is a lack of terminology training

1. Sweden

Sweden's terminological landscape has the following important features:

• existence of the Swedish Centre for Technical Terminology, TNC, established in 1941 and supported by government grants
• well-functioning cooperation between TNC and its sister organizations in the other Nordic countries, ISO/TC37 and the the European Commission
• a well-established tradition of terminology work within technical and scientific fields
• an increasing awareness of the need for correct terminology in subject fields outside the traditional scope, e.g. medicine, health care
• an increasing demand for terminological tools among translators
• insufficient terminology training at academic level.

1. Portugal

Origin : ILTEC

To achieve as clear as possible an overview of existing terminological resources in Portugal, ILTEC surveyed both the most relevant institutions and companies and a significant number of freelances (in total, 267 surveys of terminological activities and 70 detailed questionnaires were sent). Although there was considerable interest expressed verbally, in practice it was difficult and time-consuming to get hold of real data. Personal contact was required and the Portuguese group had to explain both POINTER and ILTEC's role before institutions felt comfortable answering the questionnaire.

Results

• 37 surveys (14%), and 15 detailed questionnaires (21%). were returned.
• A number of institutions are performing valuable work, building database and publishing terminological and lexicographical works in specific domains.
• Eleven multilingual databases were identified with over 1.000 terms, in the fields of linguistics, computer science, distance learning, general engineering, electronics, art and architecture, sociology and history, railways, insurance, and management.

Problems

• There is an almost total lack of information on terminological activities in Portugal.
• The lack of contacts with institutions makes disseminating information difficult.
• The actors are not trained in terminology work and principles.

Solutions

• Make institutions in Portugal and abroad aware of the activities in the sector.
• Institutions must feel more confident about each others' work in this area.

Recommendations

• An awareness campaign should be run in Portugal, explaining the importance of terminology as a knowledge transfer tool.
• Institutions should receive specific training on terminology in order to improve the quality and efficiency of their work.
• Institutions should be able to contact and interact with each other without fear of breaking confidentiality rules.

1. Spain
2. General

Origin : TERMCAT

The present situation in Spain concerning terminology can be summarized as follows:

• There are marked differences on terminology development between official languages spoken in Spain. In general, autonomous administrations support terminology development through linguistic policy plans to allow the recovering of Basque, Catalan and Galician normal use all over the territories where they share their official status with Spanish.
• Two terminology centres have been created to take in charge the coordination of terminological activities: TERMCAT for the Catalan speaking area and UZEI for the Basque language. There is no parallel centre for Spanish language, even if CINDOC has been acting as a reference point. So that, different groups work isolated, even if they are willing to cooperate and become members of a network.
• Principles and methods for terminology work in Basque and Catalan have been established, diffused and are beeing applied. They are leading progressively to a good degree of harmonization of terminology work as well as increasing resulting terminologies quality.
• Complete inventories of existing and in progress terminological research works and activities have been set up and made available.
• Quality assurance in Basque and Catalan is guaranteed through validation and standardization processes lead by competent and recognized bodies. In Spanish, AENOR takes into account this task but it is restricted to technical standards.
• Collection of multilingual terminological data in machine readable form (terminology and bibliographic data bases) had been set up to be re-usable, but standards for storage media, for TMS or for exchange do not exist or are not implemented.
• Companies and industry, being among the main terminology users and creators, are not aware of the importance of mulitingual terminology in their business activities, both for internal documentation management and for export/import activities. Their collaboration is essential to reach a real use and dissemination of terminology in the language of the community where they are established.
• Institutional terminology training is arising.
• The degree of terminological activity has increased in the last years in Spain, mainly in languages with an explicit linguistic policy where a quite satisfactory coordination level has been achieved, specially concerning neologisms creation and dictionaries elaboration. Efforts and resources for Basque language are mainly focused on lexicography, as general language has still not reached a complete standardization level. Terminology remains in a second plan.

1. Region of Madrid and Cádiz

Origin : CINDOC

Surveyed groups show great differences among them. These differences relate to:

• Available budget.
• Human resources.
• Domains covered.
• Hardware and technology availability.

Surveyed groups complain of:

• Lack of financial support and specialized human resources.
• Little awareness and promotion from authorities.
• Need of terminological policy.

Groups work by themselves, without knowing others' activities. They don't keep much contact with each other, although they are willing in cooperating among them and very interested in becoming a network member.

However these negative aspects, terminological activities show an increasing development due to telecommunications technology improvement and better and cheaper hardware and software; terminological works are getting more and more importance for institutions and enterprises, with many works performed, many being done and some in project.

In addition, Terminology has aroused to the university level and it's tought as a topic in some postgraduate schools. This would be a measure for Terminology to increase its social impact.

1. Basque country

Origin : UZEI

• The present situation of basque language, that is, the way of standardization of the general language affects the terminology development in two ways:
  • terminology work is very expensive and exhaustive
  • as common language is not totally standardized, the main part of the efforts are made in lexicography, so terminology is in a lower level (in dedication, hard difficulties and less money).
• Nowadays the different bodies and translators use and create terminology, but very often they do not realize they are doing it. Each one create his/her own terminology and it is valid only for a concret situation; consecuently, they do not remember it the next time they are going to need the same term.
• So, the effort duplication is very usual and the work is not validated. Moreover, they do not file sure about their decisions, and they do not like to show it.
• There are specially two bodies in the Basque Country where systematic terminology is made. The rest just ask them to validate their terms, when do. These two bodies are UZEI (Basque Centre for Terminology, with the EUSKALTERM telematic consultation) and the translation service of the Basque Public Administration (HAEE/IVAP).
• The coordination between different bodies has being working specially since 1990, when the Linguistic Policy of the Basque Government proposed to work in cooperation to create new terminological projects. It was a very wellcome initiative in different sectors and the good way to unify efforts with good results (but there are only large projects at the moment, and it should be necessary to up to day the old ones).
• Even though the basque geographical area is very closed, there are some common needs to solve:
  • awareness
  • coordination
    • internal: depending on the Basque Public Administration
    • external: in European level, that is, to unify work methodology, bibliography, tools (Internet service and so on)
  • training
  • common-use tools
  • interchange facilities
    

1. Switzerland

Origin : CRB

Switzerland's traditional demand for a language services industry catering for both domestic and foreign markets has led to the emergence in the last decade of a number of public and private sector terminology databases mainly for the support and rationalization of translation work. Most collections in Switzerland are trilingual, and often quadrilingual, with German and French as the dominant languages, and English prominent in export oriented industry and commerce.

In view of the widespread multilingual competence amongst Swiss citizens, it is not surprising to find high standards of quality exacted from terminologists (and translators). Qualified support from (multilingual) specialists is widely available, and it is not uncommon for specialists themselves to find their way into translation and terminology.

Despite isolated instances of terminology exchange, there is as yet no formal infrastructure in Switzerland. Interest in exchange is high and a limited number of potential network nodes exist, though there are some doubts as to how a decentralised network can maintain standards of quality and guarantee methodological uniformity so as to maximize the rationalizing effect of exchange. The current economic turbulence in Switzerland is curbing terminological activity in some quarters, and may also affect the readiness (and ability) to look very far into the future.

At the same time, there is little doubt that terminology will continue to play an important role in the ongoing processes of international standardization and harmonization, and there are signs, in the context of the information society, that the potential of terminology in areas beyond translation support will soon be more fully realized.

1. United Kingdom and Ireland

Origin : University of Surrey

The results reported here concerning terminology practice in the British Isles (UK and Ireland) are based principally on questionnaire returns (response rate c. 10%), supplemented by telephone interviews and further research.

Overall, there is a low awareness in all areas of terminology and its role in communication, particularly among companies which are not concerned with translation. Whilst some companies and private translators maintain an up-to-date record of the terminology they encounter, others consider terminology to be irrelevant to their work, even though a large amount of their work is concerned with communication and documentation. There seems to be very little knowledge of the benefits of creating and maintaining an efficient terminology management system.

The most frequently-used language is clearly English, followed by Germanic and Romance languages. Translation is the most common application. The most prominent domains are in the general area of applied sciences, medicine and technology (UDC 6), followed by social sciences, economics, trade, etc. (UDC 3).

Printed dictionaries remain the most popular reference source, but standards are not widely used. Although there is evidence that users of terminology are beginning to use databases to store and retrieve their own terminologies, there is little use of terminology management systems and no evidence of any degree of elaboration for terminological entries. There is clearly a need not only for information on available resources but also on how to compile terminologies.

Terminology work, where it exists, seems to be conducted largely on an ad hoc basis with little strategic planning or use of personnel on a co-operative basis. The need for quality assurance often seems to be tempered by commercial time constraints, and no substantial evidence was found of the use of terminology standards. The use of text encoding standards is just beginning to emerge. Terminological data does not at present seem to be exchanged between users or user groups. While a technical solution would facilitate such a re-use of resources, other problems remain such as copyright, cost and payment mechanisms. Under half the sample expressed a willingness to join a terminology exchange network.

On the basis of these results, the following recommendations can be made:

• The generally low awareness of the commercial importance of terminology and of its management in the context of quality control needs to be raised;
• The training of senior managers is essential for raising awareness;
• Other training is needed along very practical lines, e.g.in the use of terminology management systems;
• Technical and other solutions need to be found to the problem of terminology exchange;
• Given the poor availability of authoritative and up-to-date resources, a mechanism for speedy terminology validation needs to be developed;
• New, speedy and reliable methods of terminology building (e.g. extraction from texts) need to be further developed and commercialised.

1. WP 5 : ANALYSIS - STANDARDISATION AND COPYRIGHT

1. T 5.1 : Standardisation

Origin : Infoterm

Present situation

• Two approaches: descriptive (in social sciences and humanities) and prescriptive (in natural sciences and technology).
• Prescriptive terminology has (more or less) legal authority.
• Some prescriptive terminologies created by international, national governmental organisations and NGOs have formal authority according to the legislations of the body or reputation of the organisation.
• Standardised terminology is an excellent source of terminological information and retrieval tools.
• Majority of standardised terminologies are contained in subject standards. The rest are in terminology standards.

Problems

• Terminology work and terminology project management and tools are not well known in the field of standardisation.
• Prescriptive terminologies are often deficient, inconsistent or contradictory because of the lack of co-operation, co-ordination or used of specialised methodologies and tools.
• Authoritative terminologies not often re-usable due to their sectoral and dispersed nature across various documents and so are in the realm of 'grey literature'.
• It is not fully recognised that terminology standardisation has a big impact on other standardising activities.
• Lack of identification, organisation or co-ordination of R&D efforts in this field.

Solutions

• Introduce terminology methodology, project management and tools to improve quality and re-usability of existing standardised and authoritative terminologies.
• Co-operation and co-ordination between standardisation working groups and bodies at international, European and national levels.
• Wider dissemination of 'official' terminologies (i.e. contained in standards, laws, regulations, etc.).
• Introduce a requirement that authoritative terminologies are multifunctional i.e. reusable for different purposes.
• Use of standards for different applications.

1. T 5.2 : Copyright

Origin : GOTA

The problems posed in creating and running a European exchange network for terminological data are both technical and legal.

From the legal point of view, the difficulties which producers of terminological data confront are mainly due to the electronic media which allow them to stock a large mass of data, and to the large number of people who can have access to the network.

The law should be able to face up to the current changes in technology to answer the need to protect the intellectual inheritance of firms and fulfil its regulatory function.

Existing legal systems (copyright, contract law) and those in the process of being worked out (a proposition for a European Directive for the legal protection of databases) answer these needs more or less effectively.

Protection by copyright is difficult to put in practice, most linguistic information not being susceptible of appropriation.

The European directive's proposition for the protection of databases has opened up an interesting area by installing a system for the protection of the content of databases, independent of the means of diffusion (paper, on-line, CDROM...).

This economic law, similar to the laws of "unfair competition", allows the database producer to oppose the partial or total extraction of the content by unloading or reproduction... and also forbids the commercial reuse of the content provided that it is is not protected by copyright.

The most effective form of protection at present is protection through contract law as it enables to producers of terminology resources to set precisely the conditions for their availability of use.

Moreover, in the context of data exchange, this solution through contract law sets up "a loyal competition" between the different partners of the networks. At the same time it allows the terminologist to define his needs to the jurist with precision and the jurist to interpret them by working out the contractual clauses.

Tehnical solutions for protection can accompany legal solutions. In most cases the technical means for limiting access to the exchange network of terminological data could be used and would add to the contractual arrangements limiting access to information.

These contractual arrangements can be usefully completed, at the international level, through professional collective arrangements, for example, a code of ethics.

1. WP 6 : CASE STUDIES

1. T 6.1 : IT&T (Information Technologies and Telecommunication)

Origin : INT

This case study aims at providing a Europe-wide survey of the information available on resources, needs and terminology works in the Telecommunications sector, and to a lesser degree in Information Technology. A panorama of terminology in IT&T is presented in order to evaluate needs and gaps in terminology resources in the area, in view to proposing a future infrastructure.

Terminology begins to be of concern for the Industry as technical writing, documentation and translation (even if sub-contracting in majority) take more and more importance.

Terminology is to the fore in areas of high-tech research. Generally speaking, in the field of IT&T, firms seem to prefer to do their own terminology work rather than outsource, for obvious reasons of confidentiality.

The IT&T domain seems to include the three following types of technical terminologies.

• public terminology: quasi-public terminology accessible to a network;
• semi-public terminology: less wide-spread and could be put on network on the conditions laid out by the providor;
• confidential terminology: connected with developping technologies still subject to research.

While there is no doubt that confidential terminology could not be put on any open network, the first two types could be made accessible. If this separation appears clear to us, it is not so cut and dry for businesses; either they do not see the question or they prefer to ignore it.

A general caution should be expressed as regards a european network: a lot of projects exist (Lingo, Ernest...), all involving the World Wide Web. In spite of the many advantages it implies, precausions should be taken about quality control and validation.

Barriers

One of the most important problem concerns confidentiality.

Once the problems of confidentiality are set aside, there remains the question of convincing a certain type of person of the commercial interest at stake. Although it is obvious to translators and terminologists that terminology is important, those in charge of sales who work on product description, for example, are much less convinced of this. Their main interest is an immediate return. It is far from sure that they will even be interested in exchanging terminologies even when their own tools are up and running, and satisfy their needs.

The hurdle of confidentiality and competition once more raises its head for the terms of one domain: which terminology should one choose between two competitors in the IT&T field ?

Some of those asked cannot commit themselves without refering to those in authority. Some declare prudently that a term network would interest them, but they can only answer for themselves.

Opportunities

Future terminology work will have to cope with multimedia requirements as the expectations from users rise. It will be common practice to provide a glossary, a dictionary or a term list in electronic form. They will be built as a document allowing links to and the automatic insertion of other media developed to support the contents of the entry (such as graphics, still pictures, videoclips and sound). Naturally, this scenario presupposes the availability at reasonable costs of the technical base (multimedia PC, high speed data transfer) but also of the relevant products. These are clearly emerging as the CD-ROM based dictionaries and encyclopedias already available will prove. As soon as the development costs of such products will decrease and the necessary development tools have become intrisic part of an office software package, more such products will be created. Coupled with the then availability of very fast data transfer (ATM technology) and such techniques as public hyperlink to public databases (of pictures, videos, sounds, texts) and private links to private databases (for the new product, concept, machinery, etc.) a future glossary may end up being a collection of data organized for a special purpose and including a multitude of links to a wide range of data on the "universal" network, that are dynamically linked into the document whenever it is activated for display.

Recommendations

In fact, to be credible and recognized, a term network should be a real knowledge base, guaranteeing quality (thus the idea of a terminology quality "label"), and image for the company. At the present, industrialists try to respect the standards set by the relevant authorities just to be credible on the market, in spite of the cost implied. The term lable should thus be presented in the same light as a standard. This would make it possible not only to present terminology as a commercial product, with a market value, which can be exchanged, sold and reused as well, but also to ensure the homogeneity of the terminology on the network, and achieve a hitherto elusive harmonisation.

Terminological activities within the telecommunications domain have to be developed by means of collecting and validating already existing data, and have to be based upon numerous efforts as far as standardisation is concerned. Moreover, the creation of terminological data should be encouraged. These actions have to be developed, within the framework of European linguistic programmes, and should imply market actors, in order to flavour diffusion of resources and an awareness of the market.

Networking/infrastructural measures/forms

The creation of a workshop or network in Telecommunications and Information Technology should be integrated within a european terminological clearinghouse.

The network created should be politically and economically independant: no link with any country nor specific company.

More transdepartmental cooperation in the development of terminology data.

Aim of the network:

• in the short term, it should offer information on IT&T terminology work (inventories, servers, TMS...). It should also establish a procedural quality certification (sort of "European label").
• in the longer term, the checking and distribution of evaluated data inside the public terminology in telecommunications. Distribution can take different forms:
  • simple files with simple formating (generally table constructions).
  • postscript files that will allow for a more sophisticated layout and immediate reusability as screen display or printed output.
  • database updates assuming that all partners use the same or compatible software.
  • as HTML documents with entry details.

1. T 6.2 : Environment
2. General

Origin : DTG

The situation regarding the work in Environmental Terminology is characterized by the fact that it is a new and at the same time very problematic knowledge area. Additions have been made on individual and across several levels but there is a lack of a superior planning and coordination.

It is recommended

• to utilize the terminological resources "hidden" in technical standards
• to initiate a complementary co-operation for thesaurus development and terminology work
• to organise the future work in networks with supplementary functions
• to strengthen the training of the users
• to make it possible for the European Environment Agency to play an active role in connection with the planning and coordination of terminology work on the European level.

1. Denmark and other Nordic countries

Origin : DTG

Environmental problems know no boundaries or borders.

A few years ago, however, the attitude in the politicians and public administration nevertheless was characterized by the focus on the solving of the problems merely on a local scale. This has changed and today much effort in the environmental work is put into the attempt to decrease the pollution which crosses borders.

Therefore, environment politics increasingly turn into a international task. As a consequence of this, the communication between the Nordic countries and other countries is crucial.

This communication not only relates to the language of the politicians but also to the specialized language of technicians. Nordic companies are active in business and trade with pollution decreasing equipments for billions of Danish kroner and in order to ensure the quality of the communication in this connection it is of vital importance to give highest priority to terminology work in the field of environment.

1. T 6.3 : Labour law and social security

Origin : CL Servicios Lingüísticos

Differences in levels of social protection between the member countries of the European Union pose a barrier to free circulation.

Since its creation, the European Community has been confronted with the social protection of its citizens and the rights of its working population. Although this aspect has always been approached from an essentially economic point of view, the Treaty of Rome added the social focus, with special mention of articles 48 to 58 in which competencies concerning free circulation of workers have been delegated to the Community. Very soon after this, in the beginning of the seventies, these have been completed with the Council's regulations 1408/71 and 574/72 regarding the application of social security schemes to employed persons, self-employed persons and to members of their families circulating within the Community. Afterwards, evolution in the legislation of each Member State has been taken into account by the regular updating of these regulations. These steps of the Community form the key to harmonisation and co-ordination of social policies.

And finally has to be mentioned the adoption by the Council, in 1992, of two Recommendations regarding the "convergence of social protection objectives and policies" (92/441/EEC) and "common criteria concerning the guarantee of minimal resources within social protection systems" (92/442/EEC), OJ L 245.

The fact that the European Union has defined objectives to orientate the policies of Member States towards convergence should considerably strengthen the exchange of information, but are there adequate, or indeed existing, terminological infrastructures to assemble this information and disseminate it?

1. ON-LINE TERMINOLOGY RESOURCES

Lists and order

• The first list "Terminological databases listing (3)" provides the database name, organisation short and full names, and country (5 pages).
• The second list "Terminological databases listing (1)" provides all the data available (one page per database, 63 pages in total).

Both lists are sorted by country and database name.

Key to field codes

	INFORMATION
[INFOPROV]	information provider within POINTER
[INFODATE]	date of last update
[INFOPUBL]	indication on confidentiality
[INFONOTE]	note re. information provided, incl. restrictions re. confidentiality of specific data fields
	DATABASE
[DBNAME]	name of the database
[DBNAME2]	other name of the database
[DBNOTE]	information re. the database not provided elsewhere
	DATABASE CHARACTERISTICS
[DBXCHFMT]	interchange format(s)
[DBSBJFLD]	subject field(s)
[DBDATE]	date of last update of the database
[DBNBTERM]	number of terms in the database
[DBLANG]	language(s)
[DBMED]	storage medium / access
[DBDISTR]	indication on distribution
[DBDSTCND]	conditions of distribution (sale / exchange / free)
[DBCHNOTE]	information re. the database characteristics not provided elsewhere

	ORGANISATION
[ORGSHORT]	name of the organisation
[ORGNAME]	other name of the organisation
[ORGSUB1]	relevant subdivision of organisation
[ORGSUB2]	deeper level
[ORGSUB3]	deeper level
[ORGLEVEL]	geopolitical level of the organisation
[ORGNOTE]	information not provided elsewhere
	CONTACT DETAILS
[CONTACT]	name of most relevant contact person
[TEL]	telephone number of contact
[FAX]	fax number of contact
[EML]	e-mail address of contact
[ADR_1]	first line of postal address
[ADR_2]	additional line of address
[ADR_3]	additional line of address
[COUNTRY]	country name
[CONTNOTE]	information re. contact person not provided elsewhere

1. TERMINOLOGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND EVALUATION CRITERIA

1. INTRODUCTION

The developments in terminology management systems have been monitored by a number of authors over the last decade or so. Initially, these monitoring efforts covered a range of activities in terminology as a whole, covering aspects of translation, terminology record format, terminology projects and so on. However, in the last five years such monitoring efforts have been focused almost exclusively on Terminology Management Systems, these extensive surveys include those conducted by Mayer (1990), Freigang, Mayer & Schmitz (1991), and Blanchon (1994). Related studies such as the EU-sponsored research projects GLOSSASOFT and EAGLES also consider computer-assisted terminology from different perspectives and sometimes in broader contexts.

Hvalkof (1985)

Hvalkof's Etude comparative des données terminologiques des banques de terminologie DANTERM, B.T.Q., EURODICAUTOM, Q.F.L. et SIEMENS is one of the first comparative studies of terminological data bases. The author compares six systems on mainframe computers: DANTERM (Handelshøjskolen i København, Denmark), BANQUE DE TERMINOLOGIE DU QUEBEC (Canadian Government; referred to as B.T.Q.), EURODICAUTOM (EC-Commission, Luxembourg & Brussels), NORMATERM (AFNOR, France), LEXIS (Bundessprachenamt, Germany; referred to as Q.F.L.), and TEAM (Siemens, Germany; referred to as SIEMENS). The study pays particular attention to the possibilities of exchanging terminology between the different data bases. The comparison contains an extensive list of database fields, which goes beyond the scope of this chapter. This study predates the emergence of what are now known as TMSs.

Mayer (1990)

In 'Terminologieverwaltungssysteme für Übersetzer: Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung' Mayer presents the results of an analysis of eight TMSs available on the European market in spring 1990. The study focuses on TMSs designed for use at the translator's workplace. The individual systems are: TermTracer, Trados (Germany); Termex, Eurolux Computers (Luxembourg); Superlex, C. Blowers (Germany); Profilex, H. Gabriel (Germany); Multiterm, Trados (Germany); Term-PC, Siemens (Germany); Term-Lidas, Software Design (Germany); Cat, Syntec (Germany). Three of these programs were beta versions.

The author distinguishes four main topics which form the basic structure of the analysis: technical description, characteristics of the terminological entry, access to terminology, and other functions/utilities. The criteria dealt with under the four topics are selected with a view to meeting the needs of translation-oriented terminology. Particular attention is not only given to the different look-up features, but also to the interaction between TMS and word-processing programs. Mayer has noted that none of the analysed systems fulfils the demands of the different translation environments. The author foresees a development towards a multifunctional approach to the translator's environment.

Freigang, Mayer and Schmitz (1991)

These authors have analysed 17 TMSs and describe six CD-ROMs containing linguistic or terminological information which were available on the market in winter 1990/91. Following the analysis of Mayer 1990, the authors focus on translation-oriented TMSs, but also include software for the terminologist's workstation. The depth of the analysis varies in relation to the nature and quantity of information available to the authors. Besides standard hard- and software-related criteria, the major aspects of the analysis cover the interaction between TMS and word-processing software, data exchange facilities, the availability of machine-readable glossaries, and the structure of the terminological entry. The authors distinguish three main types of entry structure: freely definable, definable with restrictions, and fixed.

The authors appeared to be hopeful about the growth and impact of TMSs, especially on the European marketplace. They regard establishment and implementation of standards in order to overcome technical and semantic problems concerning the exchange of terminological data. They were convinced that the efficiency and capacity of TMS will be improved, and that they will develop towards knowledge bases. Thus, terminological data will not only be collected, managed and used by translators but by a variety of users or user groups (documentation specialists, librarians, engineers, technical authors and others). The availability of carefully-collected and reliable terminology will become a necessary prerequisite for high-quality translations in specialised fields. Compiling and distributing such terminology will become an additional service offered by language departments, translation agencies and free-lance translators. The report concludes by stating that routines must be developed that will successfully examine large amounts of terminological data with regard to form and content.

Blanchon (1994)

Blanchon's 'Logiciels de terminologie' is the latest overview on tools for computer-assisted terminology work. The author has analysed 69 TMSs, 7 computer-assisted translation systems with a TMS component, and 7 term-extraction tools, as well as several electronic dictionaries on diskette or CD-ROM. The analysis is based on the results of a questionnaire sent to the software developers/distributors. The programs are analysed or described in the light of criteria similar to those used in the studies mentioned before. The main goal was to present a comprehensive market overview. The author concludes by pointing out that the main innovation in the systems surveyed relates to ergonomic and presentational factors, as well as the occasional use of graphics and hypertext links. A tendency to integrate terminology modules in workbenches for translators is also noted, although many desiderata remain.

Related studies

The Linguistic Research and Engineering (LRE) project GLOSSASOFT has attempted to develop methods and guidelines for globalizing software construction. Within this framework the consortium, among others, considers existing tools offered by language technology. Besides brief descriptions of some TMSs, the GLOSSASOFT reports also contain short sections on evaluation.

EAGLES (Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards) is another LRE project launched in February 1993 in order to foster the provision of standards for the development, exploitation and evaluation of large-scale language resources. Within this context, the EAGLES group will also look at translation aids like electronic terminology banks including electronic monolingual and multilingual dictionary access systems.

In the present appendix we present a resume of the survey conducted by Blanchon which has been augmented by the POINTER consortium, followed by a summary of the evaluation criteria for TMSs developed in POINTER.

1. OVERVIEW OF TERMINOLOGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (TMSS)

	Hardware Platform	Interface Language(s)	Originators / (Price)	Further Reference
ALETHGT	Unix		GSI-ERLI
AQUILA	PC	French	SITE / 8500 FF
ASCOM-TDB*	Unix	French	ASCOM-TDB
AUTOLEX	PC	French	Traductix / 2000 $ Can
BATEM*	PC	French	Jean Baudot	BAUDOT, Jean (1988): BATEM: une minibanque de terminologie, Terminogramme N°46.
BELGOTERM				HERMANS, Adrien (1994): La banque terminologique Belgoterm. In: Meta, XXXIX, 1, 1994.
CAT	PC	German	SynTec / 40000 DM (approx.)
CATS	PC	German	AUCOM / 950 DM	Schmitt, Peter A. (1987): Computer statt Kartei. Terminologiearbeit mit Mikrocomputer. In: Lebende Sprachen 2/87, 56-65. Schmitt, Peter A. (1992): CATS/FASTERM: Ein Beitrag zur rechnerunterstützten Übersetzung und Terminologiearbeit. In: Forschungsmagazin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Sonderausgabe 1992, 4-20. Schmitt, Peter A. (1994): Translationsorientierte Terminographie auf dem PC. Ein neuer Weg von der Terminologiedatenbank zum Fachwörterbuch. In: Fischer, Ingeborg; Freigang, Karl-Heinz; Mayer, Felix; Reinke, Uwe (Hrsg.)(1994), 31-62. Zouroufidou, Theodora (1992): Terminologische Eintragsstrukturen in Diplomarbeiten und deren Umsetzung im Terminologiesystem CATS. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.
CDS ISIS				CIPRIANO, A. (1992): Industrial Engineering Terminology. In: Actes de TAMA '92, Applications terminologiques et microordinateurs, organisé par TermNet les 5 et 6 juin 1992 à Avignon, Paris, 1992. ROSENDAHL, S.(1993): Terminologieverwaltung mit CDS-ISIS. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.
CODE*	PC, Unix, Mac	English	Douglas Skuce

	Hardware Platform	Interface Language(s)	Originators / (Price)	Further Reference
COGNITERM			Skuce & Meyer	MEYER, Ingrid; BOWKER, Lynne; ECK, Karen (1991): Constructing a Knowledge-Based Term Bank : Fundamentals and Implications'. In: Actes du symposium international Terminologie et documentation dans la communication spécialisée, Infoterm, Secrétariat d'Etat du Canada, Montréal, 1991. MEYER, Ingrid; BOWKER, Lynne; ECK Karen (1992): COGNITERM : An Experiment in Building a Terminological Knowledge Base. In: Proceedings of the Fifth Euralex International Congress, Tampere, Finland, 4-9 Août 1992. MEYER, Ingrid; BOWKER, Lynne (1993): Beyond 'Textbook' Concept Systems: Handling Multidimensionality in a New Generatino of Term Banks. In: Schmitz, Klaus-Dirk (ed.)(1993): TKE'93:Terminology and Knowledge Engineering. Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Terminolgy and Knowledge Engineering, 25-27 August 1993, Cologne. Frankfurt: Indeks. MEYER, Ingrid (forthcoming): Pour avoir une vue d'ensemble de la salle de bal ... Nouvelles perspectives dans une base de connaissances terminologiques. In: Actes des troisièmes journées scientifiques Traductique-TA-TAO, organisées par l'AUPELF-UREF du 30 septembre au 2 octobre 1993 à Montréal.
COMPLEX / RAILLEX				Cvirn, Hermann (1992): Untersuchung der Software 'Complex/Raillex'. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.
CONCEPT & TERM*	PC	English	Christian Quist
CONTEXT*	PC	English	Consense
DESKI	PC	French	Newtech System / 0-500 F
DICOBASE*	PC, Unix		Lingaware
DICOTERM	PC	German, French	Renato Reinau / 1200 FS
DIKI / SIL	PC	French	ANACO
EDIBASE				COUTROT, Francois (1992): EDIBASE: progiciel de documentation à usage terminologique. In: Actes de TAMA '92, Applications terminologiques et microordinateurs, organisé par TermNet les 5 et 6 juin 1992 à Avignon, Paris, 1992.
ERITERM			Ericsson Language Services
EUROGLOT / E'GLOT WINDOWS	PC	French, English, Dutch	Linguistic Systems
FAOTERM	PC	English, French, Spanish	FAO
GAT	PC, Unix		Corporate Technology
GESTORLEX			TEXTware
GLOBEDISK	PC	German, English	Electronic Publishing / 198 DM
HYPERTEPA	PC, Mac	Finnish	Olli Nykänen

	Hardware Platform	Interface Language(s)	Originators / (Price)	Further Reference
INGESP	PC	Spanish	Centersoft / 180 $
INK TEXT TOOLS			Donnelley Language Solutions
JURITERM				SNOW, Gérard (1993): JURITERM - logiciel de recherche terminologique. In: L'actualité terminologique, Vol. 26, N°1, 1993.
KEYLEX	PC	German, French, English	CAP Debis / 199-399 DM
KEYTERM WINDOWS / UNIX	PC, Unix	French, English, German	Cap Debis / Unix: 20000-100000 DM. PC: 2000 DM	Albrecht, Monika (1993): Terminologieverwaltung mit Keyterm. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.
KONSULT	PC	French	André Kaisserlian / demonstration available
LATTER				QUIRION, Jean (1992): Trois larrons en foire : TERMIUM, PUBLICIEL, et LATTER. In: L'actualité terminologique, Vol. 25, N°3, 1992. QUIRION, Jean (forthcoming): La terminotique au Secrétariat d'Etat du Canada. In: Actes des troisièmes journées scientifiques Traductique-TA-TAO, organisées par l'AUPELF-UREF du 30 septembre 1993 au 2 octobre 1993 à Montréal.
LC-TOP	PC	German, French, English	Softex / 345 DM
LE DICO	PC	French, English	Dictionarian Systems / 600 F
LE LEXICALISTE	Unix	French, English	SITE / 1000 F for demo (deducted from purchase price)
LE TERMINOLOGUE	PC, Mac	French, English	Les Editions de Lanaudière / 995 $Can
LEXBASE	PC	English	Micro-Aid / 250 £
LEXIKON	PC	English, Afrikaans	National Terminology Services / free in exchange for data
LEXITERM	Mac	French	Société Hizkia / 3900 F
LEXITHEQUE	PC	French	La Maison du dictionnaire / 1500 F

	Hardware Platform	Interface Language(s)	Originators / (Price)	Further Reference
LEXM	Mac	French, Basque	Société Hizkia
LEXPRO	PC, Mac, Unix	French, English	La Maison du dictionnaire/ 4800F
LINGTOOLS	PC, Unix	German (other languages on demand)	Sietec Systemtechnik / 3900 DM
LINGUA-PC*	PC	French, German	Service central de terminologie du Canton de Berne	DE BESSE, Bruno; BERNEGGER, Jurg (1991): Lingua-PC, outil de gestion terminologique du canton de Berne. In: Terminologies nouvelles, N° 5, 1991.
MC4	PC	French	Terminformatique / 6000 FF	HENNING, Jean-Michel (1992): MC4: un outil pour la terminologie. In: Actes de TAMA '92, Applications terminologiques et microordinateurs, organisé par TermNet les 5 et 6 juin 1992 à Avignon, Paris, 1992.
MULTITERM / M'TM WINDOWS	PC	French, English, Spanish, German, Dutch	La Maison du Dictionnaire (Paris), Eurolux (Luxembourg), Trados (Germany) / 6200 FF	DOS: Heyn, Matthias; Heid, Ulrich (1992): Multiterm 2: Eine konzeptorientierte multilinguale Terminologiedatenbank unter DOS. In: Language et l'homme. Schrenner, Sibylle (1992): Terminologische Eintragsstrukturen in Multiterm. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. Szylowicki, Ilona (1991): Untersuchungen des Einsatzes elektronischer Werkzeuge für den Übersetzer am Beispiel von 'Translator's Workbench'. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. WINDOWS: HEYN, Matthias (1992): A New Terminological Database within a Graphical Environment: Multiterm for Windows. In: Actes de TAMA '92, Applications terminologiques et microordinateurs, organisé par TermNet les 5 et 6 juin 1992 à Avignon, Paris, 1992. Thon, Jörg (1993): Terminologieverwaltung mit Multiterm für Windows. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. SEYBOLD, Michael (1995): Terminologieverwaltung unter Windows: Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Terminologieverwaltungssysteme TermStar, MultiTerm 95, TermISys, Termbase. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.
NEOLOG*	PC, Mac	French	Charles Zama
OMNITERM			TINOS
PHENIX	PC		SITE
PROFILEX	PC	German, English, French	Horst Gabriel / 1425 DM
PROTERM	PC	French	Les logiciels Tradulog / 399-650 $Can
STATION GENELEX	Unix		GSI-ERLI
SUPERLEX / SUPERLEX WINDOWS	PC	German, English, French	Chris Blowers / 999 F

	Hardware Platform	Interface Language(s)	Originators / (Price)	Further Reference
SYSTEM QUIRK	PC, Unix	English	InKE Ltd (phone: +44 1483 295744) / price on application	HOLMES-HIGGIN, Paul (1995) The Quirk Experiments. PhD Dissertation, Guildford, University of Surrey.
TEDI / POOH			Lothar Rostek
TERMBASE	PC		Gerhard Freibott
TERMBASE	PC	German, English	V. Srinivasan / 2500-3500 DM
TERMEX / TERMEX WINDOWS	PC, Mac	French, English, German, Dutch, Greek	Eurolux Computer or La Maison du Dictionnaire / 2740 FF	Brändle, Diana (1992): Terminologische Eintragsstrukturen mit Termex/MTX. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. DE SCHAETZEN, Caroline (1987): Terminologie en langues africaines et gestionnaires de données textuelles. In: Le langage et l'homme, vol XXII, fasc.2, 1987. Hartmann, Christine; Jilleck, Dagmar (1989): Untersuchungen zur inhaltlichen Strukturierung von Terminologieverwaltungssystemen. (= Arbeitsbericht 11, DFG-Projekt 'Übersetzerarbeitsplatz'.) Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. MELBY, Alan (forthcoming): MTX/TERMEX: gestion d'information terminologique. In: Actes des troisièmes journées scientifiques Traductique-TA-TAO, organisées par l'AUPELF-UREF du 30 septembre 1993 au 2 octobre 1993 à Montréal. Stoll, Cay-Holger (1989): A concept-oriented approach to terminology work on PC. In: META 34, 3/89, 615-628. STOLL, Cay-Holger (1991): Tour specialist for language processing. In: Actes du colloque Terminologie et enseignement des langues, organisé par l'AEPLV les 31 janvier et les février 1991 à Cergy-Pontoise, La Tilv éditeur, Paris 1991. STOLL, Cay-Holger: MTXR - Management of Information. In: Actes de TAMA '92, 2ème symposium TermNet 'Application terminologiques et microordinateurs', Avignon 5-6 juin 1992. Wright, Sue Ellen (1990): Design for terminological management. In: The ATA chronicle: 6/90 (I), 14-16; 7/90 (II), 13-15; 8/90 (III), 16-17; 9/90 (IV), 15; 10/90 (V), 18-19; 11-12/90 (VI), 31.
TERMISTI*	PC	French, English (and others)	ISTI	BLAINPAIN, D.; PETRUSSA, P.; VAN CAMPENHOUDT M. (1991): A la recherche d'ecosystèmes terminologiques. In: Actes du colloque 'L'environnement traductionnel. La station de travail du traducteur de l'an 2001', AUPELF, Mons, 25 - 27 avril 1991, Montréal, 1992. MERTEN, Pascaline (1992): Apport des relations notionnelles à la description terminologique. In: Actes de TAMA '92, 2ème symposium TermNet 'Application terminologiques et microordinateurs', Avignon 5-6 juin 1992. VAN CAMPENHOUDT, Marc (forthcoming): Les relations notionnelles expérimentées dans les micro-glossaires Termisti: du foisonnement à la régularité. In: Actes des troisièmes journées scientifiques Traductique-TA-TAO, organisées par l'AUPELF-UREF du 30 septembre 1993 au 2 octobre 1993 à Montréal.
TERMISYS	PC	German, English	Köller Informationssysteme / 200-600 DM	SEYBOLD, Michael (1995): Terminologieverwaltung unter Windows: Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Terminologieverwaltungssysteme TermStar, MultiTerm 95, TermISys, Termbase. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.

	Hardware Platform	Interface Language(s)	Originators / (Price)	Further Reference
TERM-LIDAS	PC, Unix	German	Software Design / 3500 DM (approx.)
TERM-PC	PC, Unix	German, English	Sietec Systemtechnik / 3000 DM	Borke, Claudia (1992): Terminologieverwaltung mit Term-PC und Term-Trans. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. Hartmann, Christine; Jilleck, Dagmar (1989): Untersuchungen zur inhaltlichen Strukturierung von Terminologieverwaltungssystemen. (= Arbeitsbericht 11, DFG-Projekt 'Übersetzerarbeitsplatz'.) Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. Hohnhold, Ingo (1990): Terminographie auf Term-PC. In: MDÜ - Mitteilungsblatt für Übersetzer und Dolmetscher 4/36, 1990, 4-5. Vollnhals, Otto (1989): Term-PC - the terminology system. In: TermNet News 26, 1989, 20-23.
TERMIS				BURDET, Claude-Alain (1991): Terminology and the Management of Information, some practical solutions delivered by the notional inference engine of Termis. In: Actes du symposium international Terminologie et documentation dans la communication spécialisée, Infoterm, Secrétariat d'Etat du Canada, Montréal, 1991.
TERMS			Digital
TERMSTAR				SEYBOLD, Michael (1995): Terminologieverwaltung unter Windows: Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Terminologieverwaltungssysteme TermStar, MultiTerm 95, TermISys, Termbase. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.
TFS	Large IBM systems.		Leonard Cantor
TMS	PC		Monsieur Bodart / 3000-4000 DM	PÖLKNER, Birgit (1993): Terminologieverwaltung mit TMS. Diplomarbeit, Fachrichtung 8.6, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken.
TOPTERM	PC		Toulouse Verlag / 100 DM
TRANSLEXIS			IBM Germany
TWIN	PC	English	Siemens Nixdorf / 980 DM
VALTER	Unix		VTKK Government Systems
VCH-TRANSDICT	PC	German	VCH Verlagsgesellschaft / 3900 DM
VERTALER			Sun Data Service
WB4000			MONTANA
WHOTERM	PC	English	OMS / 500 $	'WHOTERM Expansion'. In: Language International, Vol.5, N° 2, 1993 .
WILD-CAT			EICISOFT
WORDBOX	PC		Toulouse Verlag / 320 DM

Sources:

The preceding table was compiled from the results of a survey co-ordinated by Elisabeth Blanchon¹ and a survey reported in the POINTER document Aspects of Terminology Infrastructure in Europe: Volume I - Analysis of Terminology Management Systems in Europe². Entries in the table for hardware platform, interface language and price have been left blank where the relevant information was not readily accessible.

¹ TermNet News - Issues 46/47 (1994) and 48 (1995).

² Khurshid Ahmad, Karl-Heinz Freigang, Felix Meyer, Uwe Reinke, Margaret Rogers, Klaus-Dirk Schmitz.

1. EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR TERMINOLOGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (TMSS)

Criteria	Comments
Hardware and Software requirements Hardware requirements: platform (e.g. PC / Macintosh / Unix), RAM (minimum / recommended), Hard disk capacity (minimum / recommended), peripheral devices (colour screen, mouse), Software requirements: operating system (e.g. TSR / MS-Windows) Underlying data model ('flat' / relational / object-orientated / semantic network). Multitasking mechanisms, Multi-user / network capabilities,	The extent to which these technical features are crucial for selecting a TMS depends very much on the existing or planned electronic data processing equipment in a given work environment.
User Interface Installation routine User interface language(s) Type of user interface (menu driven, graphical user interface; command keys, function keys, dialogue boxes, icons, mouse control) Operating manual, On-line help (context-sensitivity) Tutorials (on-line)	The abilities and experiences of users should be considered when evaluating the language(s), degree of user-friendliness, help and tutorial features and accompanying documentation offered by a TMS. The layout of information on the screen and the potential for 'customisation' are important for the tasks the TMS is expected to perform.
Terminological Aspects Data Management: Max. number of - databases / dictionaries; simultaneously accessible databases; languages per database; entries per dictionary. Max. size of entry Entry Model: Predefined vs. definable entry structures Relations between data categories Relations between entries Restrictions on entry structure	The choice of a TMS for a particular situation depends on the number of languages envisaged, the degree of elaboration required, the language direction (for bi- or multilingual terminologies), the types of relation required within and between entries (e.g. 'synonym autonomy').

Criteria	Comments
Input of Information Validation / Control (Automatic) checking for duplicates Spell checking Consistency control (obligatory data categories, templates) Controlled input (for categories with restricted input options) Terminology Extraction Languages available Single terms, complex terms, compounds, phraseology. Supported text formats (RTF, SGML, etc.)	In addition to manual input some systems provide facilities for importing data from other programs and for computer-assisted terminology extraction from texts. Another key issue concerning input is that of validation/control - TMSs should warn the user of duplicates, check spellings and control data input for certain categories so as to enhance the consistency of a term base.
Retrieval of Information Look-up features Access via term: complete term, beginning of term, case sensitivity, manual truncation, restricted search, Boolean operators, fuzzy search, free-text search. System responses: closest match, hitlists for fuzzy searches, error messages. Logging of terms not found. Browsing: alphabetical, chronological, entry ID, conceptual. Access via other fields: entry number, term in context or definition. Control of simultaneous access across network. Selection of information Selection for: search, import, export, printing Data categories available for selection Selection criteria: Boolean operators, strings, mathematical operators (< , > etc.) Views on information Fixed vs. definable (extent to which structure of layout can be specified) Alphabetical sorting (correctness for non-Latin character sets) Security of Information Access rights definable for : Database, Entry, Field Types of access restriction: No access, read only	Facilities for retrieval should match the needs of the envisaged users.

Criteria	Comments
Exchange of Information Printing Direct printer interface or printing via export to / interaction with word-processing and/or DTP programs. Supported printers. Alphabetical sorting. Selection of information. Import and Export of Data Supported character sets (ASCII, ANSI, etc.) Supported (quasi-)standards for data interchange (MARTIF, MATER, MicroMater, etc.) Supported formats of other TMSs. Selection of information. Features to export to (i) other TMSs (e.g. user-definable export routines) and (ii) word-processing / DTP programs. Routines for validation and control of imported data. Interaction with Other Applications Word-processing programs: access to TMS from WP; paste from TMS to WP (TL term only / other data elements); method of pasting (direct / via buffer or clipboard).; paste term from WP to TMS. Translators' Workbenches: in addition to interaction with WPs - automatic term recognition; (automatic) term substitution; (automatic) term extraction. MT-Programs: criteria to be developed.	In order to produce printed dictionaries, glossaries and term lists a TMS should have export routines which allow for the specification of layout information for the document to be printed. Data interchange facilities should support standard character sets (such as ASCII and ANSI); support of 32-bit character sets (as defined in ISO 10646), which are not yet common in application programs, is desirable for languages with non-Latin alphabets. Moreover, individual structures and formats of other TMSs should be supported as well. Import routines should provide mechanisms for the validation and control of imported data. Depending on the type of user the ability of a TMS to interact with other software applications may become a crucial factor in its evaluation. TMSs may interact with standard word-processing programs, translators' workbenches, MT systems and Artificial Intelligence (AI) programs such as expert systems. The TMS should enable direct access from the word processor and the text treated in the wordprocessor should remain visible. Additionally it is desirable for information to be passed between the TMS and the wordprocessor via 'cutting and pasting'. When part of a translators' workbench a TMS should offer features such as automatic term recognition, (automatic) substitution of source language terms by target language equivalents and computer assisted term extraction. Current MT systems tend to require explicit linguistic descriptions not required by the human user which is why hardly any of the present commercial TMSs are designed to provide entries for the dictionaries of MT systems.
Additional tools Related programs Fonts Dictionaries	Some TMSs available on the market include additional modules for building up and managing classification systems, concept systems, or thesauri. Other programs offer special fonts for non-Latin character sets or a range of electronic dictionaries for both general and special languages. The applicability of these tools is very much dependent upon the users' requirements.
Commercial aspects Prices (single user / multi-user / site licenses, educational and mass discounts, update price). Support (availability and costs): installation, service, training courses, hot-line.	When comparing the prices of different TMSs, it is necessary to asses whether important auxiliary tools such as import-export routines, character sets or classification modules, are included in the price. For multi-user and network environments, a multiple software license can be a cheaper alternative to buying several single copies of the program.

Source:

These criteria were developed in the course of the POINTER project and are reported in more detail in Aspects of Terminology Infrastructure in Europe: Volume I - Analysis of Terminology Management Systems in Europe ⁽Khurshid Ahmad, Karl-Heinz Freigang, Felix Meyer, Uwe Reinke, Margaret Rogers, Klaus-Dirk Schmitz).

1. SURVEYS ON TERMINOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY WORK

Lists

• The first list "Surveys on terminological activities (listing1)" provides the survey title, author, date and coverage (5 pages).
• The second list "Surveys on terminological activities (listing2)" provides all the data available (one page per survey, 63 pages in total).

Key to field codes

	INFORMATION
[INFOPROV]	information provider within POINTER
[INFODATE]	date of last update
[INFOPUBL]	indication on confidentiality
[INFOLANG]	language in which the information is provided
[INFONOTE]	note re. information provided
	SURVEY
[SURVTITL]	title or name of the survey
[SURVAUTH]	author(s) of the survey
[SURVDATE]	date of the survey
[SURVGOAL]	goals of the survey
[SURVTARG]	target group(s)
[SURVCOVE]	geographical coverage of the survey
[SURVCONT]	contents of the survey
[SURVUTIL]	utilisation of the survey
[SURVAVAI]	availability of the results of the survey (in general)
[SURVQUAV]	availab. of the questionnaire used to the provider of the information
[SURVREAV]	availability of the results to the provider of the information
[SURVNOTE]	information re. the survey not provided elsewhere

1. THE POINTER TRAINING MODEL

This Appendix provides selected extracts from the Phase II Workpackage 3.1 report on a model for the accreditation of terminology training [Ahmad et al. 1995].

• Core tasks and sub-tasks;
• Levels of professional development;
• Illustration of interaction of two core tasks and levels of professional development;
• Possible interactions between tasks and extant syllabuses for terminology training;
• Four matrices summarising tasks and levels of professional development.

1. CORE TASKS AND SUB-TASKS

The areas of activity which we consider to be central to terminology, i.e. so-called Core Tasks, are shown below:

Core tasks, showing also sub-tasks:

Corpus Creation

Text Analysis

Importing Terms

Terminology Acquisition {Creating Termbanks

Evaluating Termbanks

Verification

Validation

User Requirements

Record Format Development

Terminology Organisation {Conceptual Modelling

Systems Procurement

Modification/Updating

Exporting Terms

Document Management

Translation

Terminology Application {Technical Writing

Localisation / Internationalisation

Liaison

General Awareness Training

Terminology Education, Training and Research {Terminology in Academic Courses

Research

Terminological activities do, of course, reach beyond these core tasks. Such activities and areas of interest include: lexicography; legal procedures (e.g. copyright); information systems; information science; and language planning (sociolinguistics). These are not dealt with in this Appendix.

1. LEVELS OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

We propose to recognise eight levels of professional development:

0 Basic entry (no prior training)

1 Standard entry (some informal experience)

2 Practitioner with basic training

3 Practitioner with more extensive training

4 Practitioner with extensive training and experience

5 Experienced practitioner with supervisory skills

6 Expert Practitioner or middle-ranking Manager

7 Senior specialist or Manager

Each level can be described in a way generic to the entire model, although further criteria specify the requirements to reach a given level in a particular area of work.

1. ILLUSTRATION OF INTERACTION OF TWO CORE TASKS AND LEVELS OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

This model of professional development can be illustrated by focusing on two core tasks, Acquisition and Organisation, sketched against the eight professional levels mentioned above.

Table 1 describes the progression of a typical terminologist from a trainee (Levels 0, 1) to a practising terminologist (Levels 2, 3, 4 and 5) and finally to a managerial level terminologist (Levels 6, 7). Each core task in Table 1 is split into named sub-tasks.

Level	Acquisition	Organisation
TRAINEE TERMINOLOGIST
0: Structured. Closely supervised environment	Create Corpus (Copy texts, etc.)	--
1: Structured environment	Create Corpus. create termbanks (e.g., input terms)	--
PRACTISING TERMINOLOGIST
2: Practitioner with basic training	--	Modify terms Export terms (e.g. copy terms)
3: Practitioner with extensive training	Create Corpus Analyse texts Import Terms Create Termbanks	Modify terms Export terms
4: Practitioner with extensive training and experience	Create Corpus Analyse texts Import terms Evaluate termbanks Verify termbanks	Elicit user requirements Procure hardware/software Modify terms Export terms
5: Experienced Practitioner	Text Analysis Evaluate Term banks Verify terms Validate terms	Elicit user requirements Develop record format Procure hardware/software Modify terms
MANAGERIAL LEVEL TERMINOLOGIST
6: Experienced Practitioner(Middle Management)	Oversee and integrate Sub-Tasks performed by others	Develop record format Conceptual modelling Procure hardware/software
7: Senior Specialist/Manager	Oversee and integrate Sub-Tasks performed by others	Develop record format Conceptual modelling